Data Wrangling.ipynb

{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "b8f0b48b",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Data Wrangling"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "id": "c2f74f60",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import pandas as pd\n",
    "import numpy as np\n",
    "import matplotlib as plt\n",
    "\n",
    "%matplotlib inline"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "id": "e73746fe",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>symboling</th>\n",
       "      <th>normalized-losses</th>\n",
       "      <th>make</th>\n",
       "      <th>fuel-type</th>\n",
       "      <th>aspiration</th>\n",
       "      <th>num-of-doors</th>\n",
       "      <th>body-style</th>\n",
       "      <th>drive-wheels</th>\n",
       "      <th>engine-location</th>\n",
       "      <th>wheel-base</th>\n",
       "      <th>...</th>\n",
       "      <th>engine-size</th>\n",
       "      <th>fuel-system</th>\n",
       "      <th>bore</th>\n",
       "      <th>stroke</th>\n",
       "      <th>compression-ratio</th>\n",
       "      <th>horsepower</th>\n",
       "      <th>peak-rpm</th>\n",
       "      <th>city-mpg</th>\n",
       "      <th>highway-mpg</th>\n",
       "      <th>price</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>?</td>\n",
       "      <td>alfa-romero</td>\n",
       "      <td>gas</td>\n",
       "      <td>std</td>\n",
       "      <td>two</td>\n",
       "      <td>convertible</td>\n",
       "      <td>rwd</td>\n",
       "      <td>front</td>\n",
       "      <td>88.6</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>130</td>\n",
       "      <td>mpfi</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.47</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.68</td>\n",
       "      <td>9.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>111</td>\n",
       "      <td>5000</td>\n",
       "      <td>21</td>\n",
       "      <td>27</td>\n",
       "      <td>13495</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>?</td>\n",
       "      <td>alfa-romero</td>\n",
       "      <td>gas</td>\n",
       "      <td>std</td>\n",
       "      <td>two</td>\n",
       "      <td>convertible</td>\n",
       "      <td>rwd</td>\n",
       "      <td>front</td>\n",
       "      <td>88.6</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>130</td>\n",
       "      <td>mpfi</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.47</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.68</td>\n",
       "      <td>9.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>111</td>\n",
       "      <td>5000</td>\n",
       "      <td>21</td>\n",
       "      <td>27</td>\n",
       "      <td>16500</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>?</td>\n",
       "      <td>alfa-romero</td>\n",
       "      <td>gas</td>\n",
       "      <td>std</td>\n",
       "      <td>two</td>\n",
       "      <td>hatchback</td>\n",
       "      <td>rwd</td>\n",
       "      <td>front</td>\n",
       "      <td>94.5</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>152</td>\n",
       "      <td>mpfi</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.68</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.47</td>\n",
       "      <td>9.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>154</td>\n",
       "      <td>5000</td>\n",
       "      <td>19</td>\n",
       "      <td>26</td>\n",
       "      <td>16500</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>164</td>\n",
       "      <td>audi</td>\n",
       "      <td>gas</td>\n",
       "      <td>std</td>\n",
       "      <td>four</td>\n",
       "      <td>sedan</td>\n",
       "      <td>fwd</td>\n",
       "      <td>front</td>\n",
       "      <td>99.8</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>109</td>\n",
       "      <td>mpfi</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.19</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.40</td>\n",
       "      <td>10.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>102</td>\n",
       "      <td>5500</td>\n",
       "      <td>24</td>\n",
       "      <td>30</td>\n",
       "      <td>13950</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>164</td>\n",
       "      <td>audi</td>\n",
       "      <td>gas</td>\n",
       "      <td>std</td>\n",
       "      <td>four</td>\n",
       "      <td>sedan</td>\n",
       "      <td>4wd</td>\n",
       "      <td>front</td>\n",
       "      <td>99.4</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>136</td>\n",
       "      <td>mpfi</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.19</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.40</td>\n",
       "      <td>8.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>115</td>\n",
       "      <td>5500</td>\n",
       "      <td>18</td>\n",
       "      <td>22</td>\n",
       "      <td>17450</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "<p>5 rows × 26 columns</p>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "   symboling normalized-losses         make fuel-type aspiration num-of-doors  \\\n",
       "0          3                 ?  alfa-romero       gas        std          two   \n",
       "1          3                 ?  alfa-romero       gas        std          two   \n",
       "2          1                 ?  alfa-romero       gas        std          two   \n",
       "3          2               164         audi       gas        std         four   \n",
       "4          2               164         audi       gas        std         four   \n",
       "\n",
       "    body-style drive-wheels engine-location  wheel-base  ...  engine-size  \\\n",
       "0  convertible          rwd           front        88.6  ...          130   \n",
       "1  convertible          rwd           front        88.6  ...          130   \n",
       "2    hatchback          rwd           front        94.5  ...          152   \n",
       "3        sedan          fwd           front        99.8  ...          109   \n",
       "4        sedan          4wd           front        99.4  ...          136   \n",
       "\n",
       "   fuel-system  bore  stroke compression-ratio horsepower  peak-rpm city-mpg  \\\n",
       "0         mpfi  3.47    2.68               9.0        111      5000       21   \n",
       "1         mpfi  3.47    2.68               9.0        111      5000       21   \n",
       "2         mpfi  2.68    3.47               9.0        154      5000       19   \n",
       "3         mpfi  3.19    3.40              10.0        102      5500       24   \n",
       "4         mpfi  3.19    3.40               8.0        115      5500       18   \n",
       "\n",
       "  highway-mpg  price  \n",
       "0          27  13495  \n",
       "1          27  16500  \n",
       "2          26  16500  \n",
       "3          30  13950  \n",
       "4          22  17450  \n",
       "\n",
       "[5 rows x 26 columns]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "filename = \"https://cf-courses-data.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud/IBMDeveloperSkillsNetwork-DA0101EN-SkillsNetwork/labs/Data%20files/auto.csv\"\n",
    "\n",
    "headers = [\"symboling\",\"normalized-losses\",\"make\",\"fuel-type\",\"aspiration\", \"num-of-doors\",\"body-style\",\n",
    "         \"drive-wheels\",\"engine-location\",\"wheel-base\", \"length\",\"width\",\"height\",\"curb-weight\",\"engine-type\",\n",
    "         \"num-of-cylinders\", \"engine-size\",\"fuel-system\",\"bore\",\"stroke\",\"compression-ratio\",\"horsepower\",\n",
    "         \"peak-rpm\",\"city-mpg\",\"highway-mpg\",\"price\"]\n",
    "\n",
    "df = pd.read_csv(filename, names = headers)\n",
    "\n",
    "df.head()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "3fbc4f3e",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Identify and handle missing values"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "id": "27d47525",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "df.replace('?', np.nan, inplace=True)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "id": "2de2a829",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "symboling             0\n",
       "normalized-losses    41\n",
       "make                  0\n",
       "fuel-type             0\n",
       "aspiration            0\n",
       "num-of-doors          2\n",
       "body-style            0\n",
       "drive-wheels          0\n",
       "engine-location       0\n",
       "wheel-base            0\n",
       "length                0\n",
       "width                 0\n",
       "height                0\n",
       "curb-weight           0\n",
       "engine-type           0\n",
       "num-of-cylinders      0\n",
       "engine-size           0\n",
       "fuel-system           0\n",
       "bore                  4\n",
       "stroke                4\n",
       "compression-ratio     0\n",
       "horsepower            2\n",
       "peak-rpm              2\n",
       "city-mpg              0\n",
       "highway-mpg           0\n",
       "price                 4\n",
       "dtype: int64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 4,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df.isnull().sum()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "8af2e330",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "- normalized-losses: 41 missing values\n",
    "- num-of-doors: 2 missing values\n",
    "- bore: 4 missing values\n",
    "- stroke: 4 missing values\n",
    "- horsepower: 2 missing values\n",
    "- peak-rpm: 2 missing values\n",
    "- price: 4 missing values"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "e8472800",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Deal with missing data"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "4e905dab",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### 1. replace by mean"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "id": "6df6eee8",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
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       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
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       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>symboling</th>\n",
       "      <th>normalized-losses</th>\n",
       "      <th>make</th>\n",
       "      <th>fuel-type</th>\n",
       "      <th>aspiration</th>\n",
       "      <th>num-of-doors</th>\n",
       "      <th>body-style</th>\n",
       "      <th>drive-wheels</th>\n",
       "      <th>engine-location</th>\n",
       "      <th>wheel-base</th>\n",
       "      <th>...</th>\n",
       "      <th>engine-size</th>\n",
       "      <th>fuel-system</th>\n",
       "      <th>bore</th>\n",
       "      <th>stroke</th>\n",
       "      <th>compression-ratio</th>\n",
       "      <th>horsepower</th>\n",
       "      <th>peak-rpm</th>\n",
       "      <th>city-mpg</th>\n",
       "      <th>highway-mpg</th>\n",
       "      <th>price</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>122.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>alfa-romero</td>\n",
       "      <td>gas</td>\n",
       "      <td>std</td>\n",
       "      <td>two</td>\n",
       "      <td>convertible</td>\n",
       "      <td>rwd</td>\n",
       "      <td>front</td>\n",
       "      <td>88.6</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>130</td>\n",
       "      <td>mpfi</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.47</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.68</td>\n",
       "      <td>9.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>111</td>\n",
       "      <td>5000</td>\n",
       "      <td>21</td>\n",
       "      <td>27</td>\n",
       "      <td>13495</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>122.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>alfa-romero</td>\n",
       "      <td>gas</td>\n",
       "      <td>std</td>\n",
       "      <td>two</td>\n",
       "      <td>convertible</td>\n",
       "      <td>rwd</td>\n",
       "      <td>front</td>\n",
       "      <td>88.6</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>130</td>\n",
       "      <td>mpfi</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.47</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.68</td>\n",
       "      <td>9.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>111</td>\n",
       "      <td>5000</td>\n",
       "      <td>21</td>\n",
       "      <td>27</td>\n",
       "      <td>16500</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>122.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>alfa-romero</td>\n",
       "      <td>gas</td>\n",
       "      <td>std</td>\n",
       "      <td>two</td>\n",
       "      <td>hatchback</td>\n",
       "      <td>rwd</td>\n",
       "      <td>front</td>\n",
       "      <td>94.5</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>152</td>\n",
       "      <td>mpfi</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.68</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.47</td>\n",
       "      <td>9.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>154</td>\n",
       "      <td>5000</td>\n",
       "      <td>19</td>\n",
       "      <td>26</td>\n",
       "      <td>16500</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>164</td>\n",
       "      <td>audi</td>\n",
       "      <td>gas</td>\n",
       "      <td>std</td>\n",
       "      <td>four</td>\n",
       "      <td>sedan</td>\n",
       "      <td>fwd</td>\n",
       "      <td>front</td>\n",
       "      <td>99.8</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>109</td>\n",
       "      <td>mpfi</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.19</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.40</td>\n",
       "      <td>10.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>102</td>\n",
       "      <td>5500</td>\n",
       "      <td>24</td>\n",
       "      <td>30</td>\n",
       "      <td>13950</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>164</td>\n",
       "      <td>audi</td>\n",
       "      <td>gas</td>\n",
       "      <td>std</td>\n",
       "      <td>four</td>\n",
       "      <td>sedan</td>\n",
       "      <td>4wd</td>\n",
       "      <td>front</td>\n",
       "      <td>99.4</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>136</td>\n",
       "      <td>mpfi</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.19</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.40</td>\n",
       "      <td>8.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>115</td>\n",
       "      <td>5500</td>\n",
       "      <td>18</td>\n",
       "      <td>22</td>\n",
       "      <td>17450</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "<p>5 rows × 26 columns</p>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "   symboling normalized-losses         make fuel-type aspiration num-of-doors  \\\n",
       "0          3             122.0  alfa-romero       gas        std          two   \n",
       "1          3             122.0  alfa-romero       gas        std          two   \n",
       "2          1             122.0  alfa-romero       gas        std          two   \n",
       "3          2               164         audi       gas        std         four   \n",
       "4          2               164         audi       gas        std         four   \n",
       "\n",
       "    body-style drive-wheels engine-location  wheel-base  ...  engine-size  \\\n",
       "0  convertible          rwd           front        88.6  ...          130   \n",
       "1  convertible          rwd           front        88.6  ...          130   \n",
       "2    hatchback          rwd           front        94.5  ...          152   \n",
       "3        sedan          fwd           front        99.8  ...          109   \n",
       "4        sedan          4wd           front        99.4  ...          136   \n",
       "\n",
       "   fuel-system  bore  stroke compression-ratio horsepower  peak-rpm city-mpg  \\\n",
       "0         mpfi  3.47    2.68               9.0        111      5000       21   \n",
       "1         mpfi  3.47    2.68               9.0        111      5000       21   \n",
       "2         mpfi  2.68    3.47               9.0        154      5000       19   \n",
       "3         mpfi  3.19    3.40              10.0        102      5500       24   \n",
       "4         mpfi  3.19    3.40               8.0        115      5500       18   \n",
       "\n",
       "  highway-mpg  price  \n",
       "0          27  13495  \n",
       "1          27  16500  \n",
       "2          26  16500  \n",
       "3          30  13950  \n",
       "4          22  17450  \n",
       "\n",
       "[5 rows x 26 columns]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 5,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "avg_normalized_losses =df['normalized-losses'].astype('float').mean(axis = 0)\n",
    "avg_bore =df['bore'].astype('float').mean(axis = 0)\n",
    "avg_stroke =df['stroke'].astype('float').mean(axis = 0)\n",
    "avg_horsepower =df['horsepower'].astype('float').mean(axis = 0)\n",
    "avg_peak_rpm =df['peak-rpm'].astype('float').mean(axis = 0)\n",
    "\n",
    "df['normalized-losses'].replace(np.nan, avg_normalized_losses, inplace=True)\n",
    "df['bore'].replace(np.nan, avg_bore, inplace=True)\n",
    "df['stroke'].replace(np.nan, avg_stroke, inplace=True)\n",
    "df['horsepower'].replace(np.nan, avg_horsepower, inplace=True)\n",
    "df['peak-rpm'].replace(np.nan, avg_peak_rpm, inplace=True)\n",
    "\n",
    "df.head()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "8fd6db74",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### 2. replace by frequency"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "id": "05a1e896",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "four    114\n",
      "two      89\n",
      "Name: num-of-doors, dtype: int64\n",
      "\n",
      "four\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(df['num-of-doors'].value_counts())\n",
    "print('')\n",
    "print(df['num-of-doors'].value_counts().idxmax()) #'four is the most common value'"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "id": "c189d57c",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "0"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 7,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df['num-of-doors'].replace(np.nan, 'four', inplace=True)\n",
    "\n",
    "df['num-of-doors'].isnull().sum()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "345783b9",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### 3. Drop the whole row:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "id": "2c529ad4",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>symboling</th>\n",
       "      <th>normalized-losses</th>\n",
       "      <th>make</th>\n",
       "      <th>fuel-type</th>\n",
       "      <th>aspiration</th>\n",
       "      <th>num-of-doors</th>\n",
       "      <th>body-style</th>\n",
       "      <th>drive-wheels</th>\n",
       "      <th>engine-location</th>\n",
       "      <th>wheel-base</th>\n",
       "      <th>...</th>\n",
       "      <th>engine-size</th>\n",
       "      <th>fuel-system</th>\n",
       "      <th>bore</th>\n",
       "      <th>stroke</th>\n",
       "      <th>compression-ratio</th>\n",
       "      <th>horsepower</th>\n",
       "      <th>peak-rpm</th>\n",
       "      <th>city-mpg</th>\n",
       "      <th>highway-mpg</th>\n",
       "      <th>price</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>122.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>alfa-romero</td>\n",
       "      <td>gas</td>\n",
       "      <td>std</td>\n",
       "      <td>two</td>\n",
       "      <td>convertible</td>\n",
       "      <td>rwd</td>\n",
       "      <td>front</td>\n",
       "      <td>88.6</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>130</td>\n",
       "      <td>mpfi</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.47</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.68</td>\n",
       "      <td>9.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>111</td>\n",
       "      <td>5000</td>\n",
       "      <td>21</td>\n",
       "      <td>27</td>\n",
       "      <td>13495</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>122.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>alfa-romero</td>\n",
       "      <td>gas</td>\n",
       "      <td>std</td>\n",
       "      <td>two</td>\n",
       "      <td>convertible</td>\n",
       "      <td>rwd</td>\n",
       "      <td>front</td>\n",
       "      <td>88.6</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>130</td>\n",
       "      <td>mpfi</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.47</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.68</td>\n",
       "      <td>9.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>111</td>\n",
       "      <td>5000</td>\n",
       "      <td>21</td>\n",
       "      <td>27</td>\n",
       "      <td>16500</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>122.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>alfa-romero</td>\n",
       "      <td>gas</td>\n",
       "      <td>std</td>\n",
       "      <td>two</td>\n",
       "      <td>hatchback</td>\n",
       "      <td>rwd</td>\n",
       "      <td>front</td>\n",
       "      <td>94.5</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>152</td>\n",
       "      <td>mpfi</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.68</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.47</td>\n",
       "      <td>9.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>154</td>\n",
       "      <td>5000</td>\n",
       "      <td>19</td>\n",
       "      <td>26</td>\n",
       "      <td>16500</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>164</td>\n",
       "      <td>audi</td>\n",
       "      <td>gas</td>\n",
       "      <td>std</td>\n",
       "      <td>four</td>\n",
       "      <td>sedan</td>\n",
       "      <td>fwd</td>\n",
       "      <td>front</td>\n",
       "      <td>99.8</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>109</td>\n",
       "      <td>mpfi</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.19</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.40</td>\n",
       "      <td>10.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>102</td>\n",
       "      <td>5500</td>\n",
       "      <td>24</td>\n",
       "      <td>30</td>\n",
       "      <td>13950</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>164</td>\n",
       "      <td>audi</td>\n",
       "      <td>gas</td>\n",
       "      <td>std</td>\n",
       "      <td>four</td>\n",
       "      <td>sedan</td>\n",
       "      <td>4wd</td>\n",
       "      <td>front</td>\n",
       "      <td>99.4</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>136</td>\n",
       "      <td>mpfi</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.19</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.40</td>\n",
       "      <td>8.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>115</td>\n",
       "      <td>5500</td>\n",
       "      <td>18</td>\n",
       "      <td>22</td>\n",
       "      <td>17450</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "<p>5 rows × 26 columns</p>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "   symboling normalized-losses         make fuel-type aspiration num-of-doors  \\\n",
       "0          3             122.0  alfa-romero       gas        std          two   \n",
       "1          3             122.0  alfa-romero       gas        std          two   \n",
       "2          1             122.0  alfa-romero       gas        std          two   \n",
       "3          2               164         audi       gas        std         four   \n",
       "4          2               164         audi       gas        std         four   \n",
       "\n",
       "    body-style drive-wheels engine-location  wheel-base  ...  engine-size  \\\n",
       "0  convertible          rwd           front        88.6  ...          130   \n",
       "1  convertible          rwd           front        88.6  ...          130   \n",
       "2    hatchback          rwd           front        94.5  ...          152   \n",
       "3        sedan          fwd           front        99.8  ...          109   \n",
       "4        sedan          4wd           front        99.4  ...          136   \n",
       "\n",
       "   fuel-system  bore  stroke compression-ratio horsepower  peak-rpm city-mpg  \\\n",
       "0         mpfi  3.47    2.68               9.0        111      5000       21   \n",
       "1         mpfi  3.47    2.68               9.0        111      5000       21   \n",
       "2         mpfi  2.68    3.47               9.0        154      5000       19   \n",
       "3         mpfi  3.19    3.40              10.0        102      5500       24   \n",
       "4         mpfi  3.19    3.40               8.0        115      5500       18   \n",
       "\n",
       "  highway-mpg  price  \n",
       "0          27  13495  \n",
       "1          27  16500  \n",
       "2          26  16500  \n",
       "3          30  13950  \n",
       "4          22  17450  \n",
       "\n",
       "[5 rows x 26 columns]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 8,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df.dropna(subset=['price'], axis = 0, inplace=True)\n",
    "\n",
    "# reset index, because i droped two rows\n",
    "df.reset_index(drop=True, inplace=True)\n",
    "\n",
    "df.head()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "260290dc",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Correct data format"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "id": "7b26c4ce",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "symboling              int64\n",
       "normalized-losses     object\n",
       "make                  object\n",
       "fuel-type             object\n",
       "aspiration            object\n",
       "num-of-doors          object\n",
       "body-style            object\n",
       "drive-wheels          object\n",
       "engine-location       object\n",
       "wheel-base           float64\n",
       "length               float64\n",
       "width                float64\n",
       "height               float64\n",
       "curb-weight            int64\n",
       "engine-type           object\n",
       "num-of-cylinders      object\n",
       "engine-size            int64\n",
       "fuel-system           object\n",
       "bore                  object\n",
       "stroke                object\n",
       "compression-ratio    float64\n",
       "horsepower            object\n",
       "peak-rpm              object\n",
       "city-mpg               int64\n",
       "highway-mpg            int64\n",
       "price                 object\n",
       "dtype: object"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 9,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df.dtypes"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "id": "c9af2464",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "symboling              int64\n",
       "normalized-losses      int32\n",
       "make                  object\n",
       "fuel-type             object\n",
       "aspiration            object\n",
       "num-of-doors          object\n",
       "body-style            object\n",
       "drive-wheels          object\n",
       "engine-location       object\n",
       "wheel-base           float64\n",
       "length               float64\n",
       "width                float64\n",
       "height               float64\n",
       "curb-weight            int64\n",
       "engine-type           object\n",
       "num-of-cylinders      object\n",
       "engine-size            int64\n",
       "fuel-system           object\n",
       "bore                 float64\n",
       "stroke               float64\n",
       "compression-ratio    float64\n",
       "horsepower            object\n",
       "peak-rpm             float64\n",
       "city-mpg               int64\n",
       "highway-mpg            int64\n",
       "price                float64\n",
       "dtype: object"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 10,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df[[\"bore\", \"stroke\"]] = df[[\"bore\", \"stroke\"]].astype(\"float\")\n",
    "df[[\"normalized-losses\"]] = df[[\"normalized-losses\"]].astype(\"int\")\n",
    "df[[\"price\"]] = df[[\"price\"]].astype(\"float\")\n",
    "df[[\"peak-rpm\"]] = df[[\"peak-rpm\"]].astype(\"float\")\n",
    "\n",
    "df.dtypes"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "a7d75e16",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## data transformation "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "id": "f4506020",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>symboling</th>\n",
       "      <th>normalized-losses</th>\n",
       "      <th>make</th>\n",
       "      <th>fuel-type</th>\n",
       "      <th>aspiration</th>\n",
       "      <th>num-of-doors</th>\n",
       "      <th>body-style</th>\n",
       "      <th>drive-wheels</th>\n",
       "      <th>engine-location</th>\n",
       "      <th>wheel-base</th>\n",
       "      <th>...</th>\n",
       "      <th>engine-size</th>\n",
       "      <th>fuel-system</th>\n",
       "      <th>bore</th>\n",
       "      <th>stroke</th>\n",
       "      <th>compression-ratio</th>\n",
       "      <th>horsepower</th>\n",
       "      <th>peak-rpm</th>\n",
       "      <th>city-mpg</th>\n",
       "      <th>highway-mpg</th>\n",
       "      <th>price</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>122</td>\n",
       "      <td>alfa-romero</td>\n",
       "      <td>gas</td>\n",
       "      <td>std</td>\n",
       "      <td>two</td>\n",
       "      <td>convertible</td>\n",
       "      <td>rwd</td>\n",
       "      <td>front</td>\n",
       "      <td>88.6</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>130</td>\n",
       "      <td>mpfi</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.47</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.68</td>\n",
       "      <td>9.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>111</td>\n",
       "      <td>5000.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>21</td>\n",
       "      <td>27</td>\n",
       "      <td>13495.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>122</td>\n",
       "      <td>alfa-romero</td>\n",
       "      <td>gas</td>\n",
       "      <td>std</td>\n",
       "      <td>two</td>\n",
       "      <td>convertible</td>\n",
       "      <td>rwd</td>\n",
       "      <td>front</td>\n",
       "      <td>88.6</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>130</td>\n",
       "      <td>mpfi</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.47</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.68</td>\n",
       "      <td>9.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>111</td>\n",
       "      <td>5000.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>21</td>\n",
       "      <td>27</td>\n",
       "      <td>16500.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>122</td>\n",
       "      <td>alfa-romero</td>\n",
       "      <td>gas</td>\n",
       "      <td>std</td>\n",
       "      <td>two</td>\n",
       "      <td>hatchback</td>\n",
       "      <td>rwd</td>\n",
       "      <td>front</td>\n",
       "      <td>94.5</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>152</td>\n",
       "      <td>mpfi</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.68</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.47</td>\n",
       "      <td>9.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>154</td>\n",
       "      <td>5000.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>19</td>\n",
       "      <td>26</td>\n",
       "      <td>16500.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>164</td>\n",
       "      <td>audi</td>\n",
       "      <td>gas</td>\n",
       "      <td>std</td>\n",
       "      <td>four</td>\n",
       "      <td>sedan</td>\n",
       "      <td>fwd</td>\n",
       "      <td>front</td>\n",
       "      <td>99.8</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>109</td>\n",
       "      <td>mpfi</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.19</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.40</td>\n",
       "      <td>10.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>102</td>\n",
       "      <td>5500.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>24</td>\n",
       "      <td>30</td>\n",
       "      <td>13950.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>164</td>\n",
       "      <td>audi</td>\n",
       "      <td>gas</td>\n",
       "      <td>std</td>\n",
       "      <td>four</td>\n",
       "      <td>sedan</td>\n",
       "      <td>4wd</td>\n",
       "      <td>front</td>\n",
       "      <td>99.4</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>136</td>\n",
       "      <td>mpfi</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.19</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.40</td>\n",
       "      <td>8.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>115</td>\n",
       "      <td>5500.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>18</td>\n",
       "      <td>22</td>\n",
       "      <td>17450.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "<p>5 rows × 26 columns</p>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "   symboling  normalized-losses         make fuel-type aspiration  \\\n",
       "0          3                122  alfa-romero       gas        std   \n",
       "1          3                122  alfa-romero       gas        std   \n",
       "2          1                122  alfa-romero       gas        std   \n",
       "3          2                164         audi       gas        std   \n",
       "4          2                164         audi       gas        std   \n",
       "\n",
       "  num-of-doors   body-style drive-wheels engine-location  wheel-base  ...  \\\n",
       "0          two  convertible          rwd           front        88.6  ...   \n",
       "1          two  convertible          rwd           front        88.6  ...   \n",
       "2          two    hatchback          rwd           front        94.5  ...   \n",
       "3         four        sedan          fwd           front        99.8  ...   \n",
       "4         four        sedan          4wd           front        99.4  ...   \n",
       "\n",
       "   engine-size  fuel-system  bore  stroke compression-ratio horsepower  \\\n",
       "0          130         mpfi  3.47    2.68               9.0        111   \n",
       "1          130         mpfi  3.47    2.68               9.0        111   \n",
       "2          152         mpfi  2.68    3.47               9.0        154   \n",
       "3          109         mpfi  3.19    3.40              10.0        102   \n",
       "4          136         mpfi  3.19    3.40               8.0        115   \n",
       "\n",
       "   peak-rpm city-mpg  highway-mpg    price  \n",
       "0    5000.0       21           27  13495.0  \n",
       "1    5000.0       21           27  16500.0  \n",
       "2    5000.0       19           26  16500.0  \n",
       "3    5500.0       24           30  13950.0  \n",
       "4    5500.0       18           22  17450.0  \n",
       "\n",
       "[5 rows x 26 columns]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 11,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df.head()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "id": "702da2da",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>symboling</th>\n",
       "      <th>normalized-losses</th>\n",
       "      <th>make</th>\n",
       "      <th>fuel-type</th>\n",
       "      <th>aspiration</th>\n",
       "      <th>num-of-doors</th>\n",
       "      <th>body-style</th>\n",
       "      <th>drive-wheels</th>\n",
       "      <th>engine-location</th>\n",
       "      <th>wheel-base</th>\n",
       "      <th>...</th>\n",
       "      <th>engine-size</th>\n",
       "      <th>fuel-system</th>\n",
       "      <th>bore</th>\n",
       "      <th>stroke</th>\n",
       "      <th>compression-ratio</th>\n",
       "      <th>horsepower</th>\n",
       "      <th>peak-rpm</th>\n",
       "      <th>city-L/100km</th>\n",
       "      <th>highway-L/100km</th>\n",
       "      <th>price</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>122</td>\n",
       "      <td>alfa-romero</td>\n",
       "      <td>gas</td>\n",
       "      <td>std</td>\n",
       "      <td>two</td>\n",
       "      <td>convertible</td>\n",
       "      <td>rwd</td>\n",
       "      <td>front</td>\n",
       "      <td>88.6</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>130</td>\n",
       "      <td>mpfi</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.47</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.68</td>\n",
       "      <td>9.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>111</td>\n",
       "      <td>5000.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>11.190476</td>\n",
       "      <td>8.703704</td>\n",
       "      <td>13495.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>122</td>\n",
       "      <td>alfa-romero</td>\n",
       "      <td>gas</td>\n",
       "      <td>std</td>\n",
       "      <td>two</td>\n",
       "      <td>convertible</td>\n",
       "      <td>rwd</td>\n",
       "      <td>front</td>\n",
       "      <td>88.6</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>130</td>\n",
       "      <td>mpfi</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.47</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.68</td>\n",
       "      <td>9.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>111</td>\n",
       "      <td>5000.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>11.190476</td>\n",
       "      <td>8.703704</td>\n",
       "      <td>16500.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>122</td>\n",
       "      <td>alfa-romero</td>\n",
       "      <td>gas</td>\n",
       "      <td>std</td>\n",
       "      <td>two</td>\n",
       "      <td>hatchback</td>\n",
       "      <td>rwd</td>\n",
       "      <td>front</td>\n",
       "      <td>94.5</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>152</td>\n",
       "      <td>mpfi</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.68</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.47</td>\n",
       "      <td>9.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>154</td>\n",
       "      <td>5000.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>12.368421</td>\n",
       "      <td>9.038462</td>\n",
       "      <td>16500.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>164</td>\n",
       "      <td>audi</td>\n",
       "      <td>gas</td>\n",
       "      <td>std</td>\n",
       "      <td>four</td>\n",
       "      <td>sedan</td>\n",
       "      <td>fwd</td>\n",
       "      <td>front</td>\n",
       "      <td>99.8</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>109</td>\n",
       "      <td>mpfi</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.19</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.40</td>\n",
       "      <td>10.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>102</td>\n",
       "      <td>5500.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>9.791667</td>\n",
       "      <td>7.833333</td>\n",
       "      <td>13950.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>164</td>\n",
       "      <td>audi</td>\n",
       "      <td>gas</td>\n",
       "      <td>std</td>\n",
       "      <td>four</td>\n",
       "      <td>sedan</td>\n",
       "      <td>4wd</td>\n",
       "      <td>front</td>\n",
       "      <td>99.4</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>136</td>\n",
       "      <td>mpfi</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.19</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.40</td>\n",
       "      <td>8.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>115</td>\n",
       "      <td>5500.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>13.055556</td>\n",
       "      <td>10.681818</td>\n",
       "      <td>17450.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "<p>5 rows × 26 columns</p>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "   symboling  normalized-losses         make fuel-type aspiration  \\\n",
       "0          3                122  alfa-romero       gas        std   \n",
       "1          3                122  alfa-romero       gas        std   \n",
       "2          1                122  alfa-romero       gas        std   \n",
       "3          2                164         audi       gas        std   \n",
       "4          2                164         audi       gas        std   \n",
       "\n",
       "  num-of-doors   body-style drive-wheels engine-location  wheel-base  ...  \\\n",
       "0          two  convertible          rwd           front        88.6  ...   \n",
       "1          two  convertible          rwd           front        88.6  ...   \n",
       "2          two    hatchback          rwd           front        94.5  ...   \n",
       "3         four        sedan          fwd           front        99.8  ...   \n",
       "4         four        sedan          4wd           front        99.4  ...   \n",
       "\n",
       "   engine-size  fuel-system  bore  stroke compression-ratio horsepower  \\\n",
       "0          130         mpfi  3.47    2.68               9.0        111   \n",
       "1          130         mpfi  3.47    2.68               9.0        111   \n",
       "2          152         mpfi  2.68    3.47               9.0        154   \n",
       "3          109         mpfi  3.19    3.40              10.0        102   \n",
       "4          136         mpfi  3.19    3.40               8.0        115   \n",
       "\n",
       "   peak-rpm city-L/100km  highway-L/100km    price  \n",
       "0    5000.0    11.190476         8.703704  13495.0  \n",
       "1    5000.0    11.190476         8.703704  16500.0  \n",
       "2    5000.0    12.368421         9.038462  16500.0  \n",
       "3    5500.0     9.791667         7.833333  13950.0  \n",
       "4    5500.0    13.055556        10.681818  17450.0  \n",
       "\n",
       "[5 rows x 26 columns]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 12,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#Transform mpg to L/100km by mathematical operation (235 divided by mpg)\n",
    "\n",
    "df[\"city-mpg\"] = 235/df[\"city-mpg\"]\n",
    "# rename column name from \"city-mpg\" to \"city-L/100km\"\n",
    "df.rename(columns={'city-mpg':'city-L/100km'}, inplace=True)\n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "df[\"highway-mpg\"] = 235/df[\"highway-mpg\"]\n",
    "# rename column name from \"highway-mpg\" to \"highway-L/100km\"\n",
    "df.rename(columns={'highway-mpg':'highway-L/100km'}, inplace=True)\n",
    "\n",
    "# check your transformed data \n",
    "df.head()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "18bd3889",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Data Normalization"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "id": "4a668eb3",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Index(['symboling', 'normalized-losses', 'make', 'fuel-type', 'aspiration',\n",
       "       'num-of-doors', 'body-style', 'drive-wheels', 'engine-location',\n",
       "       'wheel-base', 'length', 'width', 'height', 'curb-weight', 'engine-type',\n",
       "       'num-of-cylinders', 'engine-size', 'fuel-system', 'bore', 'stroke',\n",
       "       'compression-ratio', 'horsepower', 'peak-rpm', 'city-L/100km',\n",
       "       'highway-L/100km', 'price'],\n",
       "      dtype='object')"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 13,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df.columns"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "id": "d258509c",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>symboling</th>\n",
       "      <th>normalized-losses</th>\n",
       "      <th>make</th>\n",
       "      <th>fuel-type</th>\n",
       "      <th>aspiration</th>\n",
       "      <th>num-of-doors</th>\n",
       "      <th>body-style</th>\n",
       "      <th>drive-wheels</th>\n",
       "      <th>engine-location</th>\n",
       "      <th>wheel-base</th>\n",
       "      <th>...</th>\n",
       "      <th>engine-size</th>\n",
       "      <th>fuel-system</th>\n",
       "      <th>bore</th>\n",
       "      <th>stroke</th>\n",
       "      <th>compression-ratio</th>\n",
       "      <th>horsepower</th>\n",
       "      <th>peak-rpm</th>\n",
       "      <th>city-L/100km</th>\n",
       "      <th>highway-L/100km</th>\n",
       "      <th>price</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>122</td>\n",
       "      <td>alfa-romero</td>\n",
       "      <td>gas</td>\n",
       "      <td>std</td>\n",
       "      <td>two</td>\n",
       "      <td>convertible</td>\n",
       "      <td>rwd</td>\n",
       "      <td>front</td>\n",
       "      <td>88.6</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>130</td>\n",
       "      <td>mpfi</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.47</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.68</td>\n",
       "      <td>9.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>111</td>\n",
       "      <td>5000.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>11.190476</td>\n",
       "      <td>8.703704</td>\n",
       "      <td>13495.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>122</td>\n",
       "      <td>alfa-romero</td>\n",
       "      <td>gas</td>\n",
       "      <td>std</td>\n",
       "      <td>two</td>\n",
       "      <td>convertible</td>\n",
       "      <td>rwd</td>\n",
       "      <td>front</td>\n",
       "      <td>88.6</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>130</td>\n",
       "      <td>mpfi</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.47</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.68</td>\n",
       "      <td>9.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>111</td>\n",
       "      <td>5000.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>11.190476</td>\n",
       "      <td>8.703704</td>\n",
       "      <td>16500.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>122</td>\n",
       "      <td>alfa-romero</td>\n",
       "      <td>gas</td>\n",
       "      <td>std</td>\n",
       "      <td>two</td>\n",
       "      <td>hatchback</td>\n",
       "      <td>rwd</td>\n",
       "      <td>front</td>\n",
       "      <td>94.5</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>152</td>\n",
       "      <td>mpfi</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.68</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.47</td>\n",
       "      <td>9.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>154</td>\n",
       "      <td>5000.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>12.368421</td>\n",
       "      <td>9.038462</td>\n",
       "      <td>16500.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>164</td>\n",
       "      <td>audi</td>\n",
       "      <td>gas</td>\n",
       "      <td>std</td>\n",
       "      <td>four</td>\n",
       "      <td>sedan</td>\n",
       "      <td>fwd</td>\n",
       "      <td>front</td>\n",
       "      <td>99.8</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>109</td>\n",
       "      <td>mpfi</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.19</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.40</td>\n",
       "      <td>10.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>102</td>\n",
       "      <td>5500.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>9.791667</td>\n",
       "      <td>7.833333</td>\n",
       "      <td>13950.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>164</td>\n",
       "      <td>audi</td>\n",
       "      <td>gas</td>\n",
       "      <td>std</td>\n",
       "      <td>four</td>\n",
       "      <td>sedan</td>\n",
       "      <td>4wd</td>\n",
       "      <td>front</td>\n",
       "      <td>99.4</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>136</td>\n",
       "      <td>mpfi</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.19</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.40</td>\n",
       "      <td>8.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>115</td>\n",
       "      <td>5500.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>13.055556</td>\n",
       "      <td>10.681818</td>\n",
       "      <td>17450.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "<p>5 rows × 26 columns</p>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "   symboling  normalized-losses         make fuel-type aspiration  \\\n",
       "0          3                122  alfa-romero       gas        std   \n",
       "1          3                122  alfa-romero       gas        std   \n",
       "2          1                122  alfa-romero       gas        std   \n",
       "3          2                164         audi       gas        std   \n",
       "4          2                164         audi       gas        std   \n",
       "\n",
       "  num-of-doors   body-style drive-wheels engine-location  wheel-base  ...  \\\n",
       "0          two  convertible          rwd           front        88.6  ...   \n",
       "1          two  convertible          rwd           front        88.6  ...   \n",
       "2          two    hatchback          rwd           front        94.5  ...   \n",
       "3         four        sedan          fwd           front        99.8  ...   \n",
       "4         four        sedan          4wd           front        99.4  ...   \n",
       "\n",
       "   engine-size  fuel-system  bore  stroke compression-ratio horsepower  \\\n",
       "0          130         mpfi  3.47    2.68               9.0        111   \n",
       "1          130         mpfi  3.47    2.68               9.0        111   \n",
       "2          152         mpfi  2.68    3.47               9.0        154   \n",
       "3          109         mpfi  3.19    3.40              10.0        102   \n",
       "4          136         mpfi  3.19    3.40               8.0        115   \n",
       "\n",
       "   peak-rpm city-L/100km  highway-L/100km    price  \n",
       "0    5000.0    11.190476         8.703704  13495.0  \n",
       "1    5000.0    11.190476         8.703704  16500.0  \n",
       "2    5000.0    12.368421         9.038462  16500.0  \n",
       "3    5500.0     9.791667         7.833333  13950.0  \n",
       "4    5500.0    13.055556        10.681818  17450.0  \n",
       "\n",
       "[5 rows x 26 columns]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 14,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#scaling the columns \"length\", \"width\" and \"height\n",
    "\n",
    "df['length'] = df['length']/df['length'].max()\n",
    "df['width'] = df['width']/df['width'].max()\n",
    "df['height'] = df['height']/df['height'].max()\n",
    "\n",
    "df.head()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "b574b784",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Binning"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "d3d13635",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "* the process of transforming continuous numerical variables into discrete categorical 'bins' for grouped analysis."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 15,
   "id": "a4d29c82",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Text(0.5, 1.0, 'horsepower bins')"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 15,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": "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\n",
      "text/plain": [
       "<Figure size 432x288 with 1 Axes>"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {
      "needs_background": "light"
     },
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df[\"horsepower\"] = df[\"horsepower\"].astype('int')\n",
    "\n",
    "plt.pyplot.hist(df[\"horsepower\"])\n",
    "\n",
    "# set x/y labels and plot title\n",
    "plt.pyplot.xlabel(\"horsepower\")\n",
    "plt.pyplot.ylabel(\"count\")\n",
    "plt.pyplot.title(\"horsepower bins\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 16,
   "id": "79cd6eba",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Text(0.5, 1.0, 'horsepower bins')"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 16,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": 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\n",
      "text/plain": [
       "<Figure size 432x288 with 1 Axes>"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {
      "needs_background": "light"
     },
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "bins = np.linspace(min(df[\"horsepower\"]), max(df[\"horsepower\"]), 4)\n",
    "group_names = ['Low', 'Medium', 'High']\n",
    "df['horsepower-binned'] = pd.cut(df['horsepower'], bins, labels=group_names, include_lowest=True )\n",
    "\n",
    "plt.pyplot.bar(group_names, df[\"horsepower-binned\"].value_counts())\n",
    "\n",
    "# set x/y labels and plot title\n",
    "plt.pyplot.xlabel(\"horsepower\")\n",
    "plt.pyplot.ylabel(\"count\")\n",
    "plt.pyplot.title(\"horsepower bins\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "c0bb35fe",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Turning categorical variables into quantitative Variables (one-hot-encoding)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 17,
   "id": "59f7b31e",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Index(['symboling', 'normalized-losses', 'make', 'fuel-type', 'aspiration',\n",
       "       'num-of-doors', 'body-style', 'drive-wheels', 'engine-location',\n",
       "       'wheel-base', 'length', 'width', 'height', 'curb-weight', 'engine-type',\n",
       "       'num-of-cylinders', 'engine-size', 'fuel-system', 'bore', 'stroke',\n",
       "       'compression-ratio', 'horsepower', 'peak-rpm', 'city-L/100km',\n",
       "       'highway-L/100km', 'price', 'horsepower-binned'],\n",
       "      dtype='object')"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 17,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df.columns"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 18,
   "id": "c9aebb72",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "dummy_variable_1 = pd.get_dummies(df[\"fuel-type\"])\n",
    "dummy_variable_1.rename(columns={'gas':'fuel-type-gas', 'diesel':'fuel-type-diesel'}, inplace=True)\n",
    "# merge data frame \"df\" and \"dummy_variable_1\" \n",
    "df = pd.concat([df, dummy_variable_1], axis=1)\n",
    "\n",
    "# drop original column \"fuel-type\" from \"df\"\n",
    "df.drop(\"fuel-type\", axis = 1, inplace=True)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 19,
   "id": "032d8702",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>symboling</th>\n",
       "      <th>normalized-losses</th>\n",
       "      <th>make</th>\n",
       "      <th>num-of-doors</th>\n",
       "      <th>body-style</th>\n",
       "      <th>drive-wheels</th>\n",
       "      <th>engine-location</th>\n",
       "      <th>wheel-base</th>\n",
       "      <th>length</th>\n",
       "      <th>width</th>\n",
       "      <th>...</th>\n",
       "      <th>horsepower</th>\n",
       "      <th>peak-rpm</th>\n",
       "      <th>city-L/100km</th>\n",
       "      <th>highway-L/100km</th>\n",
       "      <th>price</th>\n",
       "      <th>horsepower-binned</th>\n",
       "      <th>fuel-type-diesel</th>\n",
       "      <th>fuel-type-gas</th>\n",
       "      <th>aspiration-std</th>\n",
       "      <th>aspiration-turbo</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>122</td>\n",
       "      <td>alfa-romero</td>\n",
       "      <td>two</td>\n",
       "      <td>convertible</td>\n",
       "      <td>rwd</td>\n",
       "      <td>front</td>\n",
       "      <td>88.6</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.811148</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.890278</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>111</td>\n",
       "      <td>5000.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>11.190476</td>\n",
       "      <td>8.703704</td>\n",
       "      <td>13495.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>Low</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>122</td>\n",
       "      <td>alfa-romero</td>\n",
       "      <td>two</td>\n",
       "      <td>convertible</td>\n",
       "      <td>rwd</td>\n",
       "      <td>front</td>\n",
       "      <td>88.6</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.811148</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.890278</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>111</td>\n",
       "      <td>5000.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>11.190476</td>\n",
       "      <td>8.703704</td>\n",
       "      <td>16500.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>Low</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>122</td>\n",
       "      <td>alfa-romero</td>\n",
       "      <td>two</td>\n",
       "      <td>hatchback</td>\n",
       "      <td>rwd</td>\n",
       "      <td>front</td>\n",
       "      <td>94.5</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.822681</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.909722</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>154</td>\n",
       "      <td>5000.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>12.368421</td>\n",
       "      <td>9.038462</td>\n",
       "      <td>16500.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>Medium</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>164</td>\n",
       "      <td>audi</td>\n",
       "      <td>four</td>\n",
       "      <td>sedan</td>\n",
       "      <td>fwd</td>\n",
       "      <td>front</td>\n",
       "      <td>99.8</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.848630</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.919444</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>102</td>\n",
       "      <td>5500.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>9.791667</td>\n",
       "      <td>7.833333</td>\n",
       "      <td>13950.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>Low</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>164</td>\n",
       "      <td>audi</td>\n",
       "      <td>four</td>\n",
       "      <td>sedan</td>\n",
       "      <td>4wd</td>\n",
       "      <td>front</td>\n",
       "      <td>99.4</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.848630</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.922222</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>115</td>\n",
       "      <td>5500.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>13.055556</td>\n",
       "      <td>10.681818</td>\n",
       "      <td>17450.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>Low</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "<p>5 rows × 29 columns</p>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "   symboling  normalized-losses         make num-of-doors   body-style  \\\n",
       "0          3                122  alfa-romero          two  convertible   \n",
       "1          3                122  alfa-romero          two  convertible   \n",
       "2          1                122  alfa-romero          two    hatchback   \n",
       "3          2                164         audi         four        sedan   \n",
       "4          2                164         audi         four        sedan   \n",
       "\n",
       "  drive-wheels engine-location  wheel-base    length     width  ...  \\\n",
       "0          rwd           front        88.6  0.811148  0.890278  ...   \n",
       "1          rwd           front        88.6  0.811148  0.890278  ...   \n",
       "2          rwd           front        94.5  0.822681  0.909722  ...   \n",
       "3          fwd           front        99.8  0.848630  0.919444  ...   \n",
       "4          4wd           front        99.4  0.848630  0.922222  ...   \n",
       "\n",
       "   horsepower  peak-rpm city-L/100km highway-L/100km    price  \\\n",
       "0         111    5000.0    11.190476        8.703704  13495.0   \n",
       "1         111    5000.0    11.190476        8.703704  16500.0   \n",
       "2         154    5000.0    12.368421        9.038462  16500.0   \n",
       "3         102    5500.0     9.791667        7.833333  13950.0   \n",
       "4         115    5500.0    13.055556       10.681818  17450.0   \n",
       "\n",
       "  horsepower-binned  fuel-type-diesel  fuel-type-gas  aspiration-std  \\\n",
       "0               Low                 0              1               1   \n",
       "1               Low                 0              1               1   \n",
       "2            Medium                 0              1               1   \n",
       "3               Low                 0              1               1   \n",
       "4               Low                 0              1               1   \n",
       "\n",
       "   aspiration-turbo  \n",
       "0                 0  \n",
       "1                 0  \n",
       "2                 0  \n",
       "3                 0  \n",
       "4                 0  \n",
       "\n",
       "[5 rows x 29 columns]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 19,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#create an indicator variable for the column \"aspiration\"\n",
    "dummy_variable_2 = pd.get_dummies(df[\"aspiration\"])\n",
    "#rename\n",
    "dummy_variable_2.rename(columns={'std':'aspiration-std', 'turbo':'aspiration-turbo'}, inplace=True)\n",
    "# merge data frame \"df\" and \"dummy_variable_1\" \n",
    "df = pd.concat([df, dummy_variable_2], axis=1)\n",
    "\n",
    "# drop original column \"fuel-type\" from \"df\"\n",
    "df.drop(\"aspiration\", axis = 1, inplace=True)\n",
    "df.head()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 20,
   "id": "21f951ca",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "#save the new csv\n",
    "df.to_csv('clean_df.csv')"
   ]
  }
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