Adds initial draft for run-time error debugging topic (#88)

resolves #21

Co-authored-by: JC van Winkel <jcvw@google.com>
Co-authored-by: Bogusław Cyganek <cyganek@agh.edu.pl>

Author: 3 people

sources/knowledge_areas.dat

@@ -55,6 +55,8 @@ EH Error Handling
 	? ? ? ? errno
 	? ? ? ? Error Codes
 	eh y y y Exception Handling
+DE Debugging Errors
+	runtimeerr y y y Run-time Errors
 SL Standard Library
 	? ? ? ? Input/Output (I/O)
 	? ? ? ? Containers, Iterators, and Algorithms

sources/modules/debugging-errors/runtime-errors.md

@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+## Debugging errors: Run-time errors {#runtimeerr}
+
+_Skeleton descriptions are typeset in italic text,_
+_so please don't remove these descriptions when editing the topic._
+
+### Overview
+
+_Provides a short natural language abstract of the module’s contents._
+_Specifies the different levels of teaching._
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Level             Objective
+----------------- ------------------------------------------------------
+Foundational      Identifying the run-time error cause
+
+Main              Introspection methodologies to trackdown run-time errors
+
+Advanced          ---
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+### Motivation
+
+_Why is this important?_
+_Why do we want to learn/teach this topic?_
+
+Code correctness is important, as erroneous programs can lead to real-world catastrophes, take for example, medical equipment failures that lead to people being exposed to too much radiation.
+Techniques, such as, testing or fuzzing, help developers to identify erroneous states of the program.
+However, when these techniques discover a run-time error, it’s up to the programmer to reason about and find the root cause of such run-time errors, so they need a well established process to debug run-time errors.
+
+### Topic introduction
+
+_Very brief introduction to the topic._
+
+There exists a wide variety of methodologies, techniques, and tools to debug run-time errors.
+In this topic, we give an overview of these and highlight how they can be applied to track down run-time errors in C++ programs.
+
+### Foundational: Identifying the run-time error cause {#runtimeerr-found}
+
+#### Background/Required Knowledge
+
+A student:
+
+* should be able to produce a basic running program.
+
+#### Student outcomes
+
+_A list of things "a student should be able to" after the curriculum._
+_The next word should be an action word and testable in an exam._
+_Max 5 items._
+
+A student should be able to:
+
+1. verify the output of the program and identify incorrect outcomes.
+2. phrase hypothesis what could cause the run-time error.
+3. observe and extract program state at specific points of the program, to verify hypotheses.
+4. make their program as observable as possible.
+
+#### Caveats
+
+_This section mentions subtle points to understand, like anything resulting in
+implementation-defined, unspecified, or undefined behavior._
+
+* run-time debugging can be domain specific
+* not everything about the program state can be easily observed, students should be aware of that and learn basic techniques to make programs more observable
+* students should be aware that the compilation mode (optimized vs debug) affects the debugging experience and also the program state itself
+
+
+#### Points to cover
+
+_This section lists important details for each point._
+
+* the basics of using a debugger
+* compiling with debug information
+* observability techniques, such as, logging output or even `printf` statements
+
+### Main: Introspection methodologies to trackdown run-time errors {#runtimeerr-main}
+
+#### Background/Required Knowledge
+
+* All of the above.
+
+#### Student outcomes
+
+A student should be able to:
+
+1. use a debugger to inspect and manipulate program state
+2. extract crash information using proper libraries
+3. can create a minimal reproducible example
+
+#### Caveats
+
+* Different forms of multiprocessing programs can have varying impact on debuggability, such as:
+    * parallel stl algorithms
+    * multi threading
+    * coroutines
+    * vector parallelism
+
+
+#### Points to cover
+
+* How to use debuggers and the multitude of features they offer to manipulate and observe program state (e.g., break points, trap points, stack traces, manipulating program state).
+* Use (non) standard library support for crash information extraction, e.g., logging libraries, libraries to capture crash reports, and sanitizer libraries (asan/ubsan/tsan).
+* Creating minimal reproducible example and regressions tests from the extracted crash information.
+
+
+### Advanced {#runtimeerr-advanced}
+
+_These are important topics that are not expected to be covered but provide
+guidance where one can continue to investigate this topic in more depth._
+
+* ABI incompatibilities can have impact debugging experience where even observability tools, such as, debuggers, cannot correctly show the state of the program.
+* Debugging in embedded environments.