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* What is a recent technical challenge you experienced and how did you solve it?
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* When building a new web site or maintaining one, can you explain some techniques you have used to increase performance?
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* Can you describe some SEO best practices or techniques you have used lately?
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* Can you explain any common techniques or recent issues solved in regards to front-end security?
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* What actions have you personally taken on recent projects to increase maintainability of your code?
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* Talk about your preferred development environment.
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* Which version control systems are you familiar with?
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* Can you describe your workflow when you create a web page?
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* If you have 5 different stylesheets, how would you best integrate them into the site?
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* Can you describe the difference between progressive enhancement and graceful degradation?
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* How would you optimize a website's assets/resources?
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* How many resources will a browser download from a given domain at a time?
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* What are the exceptions?
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* Name 3 ways to decrease page load (perceived or actual load time).
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* If you jumped on a project and they used tabs and you used spaces, what would you do?
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* Describe how you would create a simple slideshow page.
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* If you could master one technology this year, what would it be?
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* Explain the importance of standards and standards bodies.
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* What is Flash of Unstyled Content? How do you avoid FOUC?
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* Explain what ARIA and screenreaders are, and how to make a website accessible.
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* Explain some of the pros and cons for CSS animations versus JavaScript animations.
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* What does CORS stand for and what issue does it address?
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#### HTML Questions:
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* What does a `doctype` do?
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* How do you serve a page with content in multiple languages?
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* What kind of things must you be wary of when design or developing for multilingual sites?
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* What are `data-` attributes good for?
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* Consider HTML5 as an open web platform. What are the building blocks of HTML5?
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* Describe the difference between a `cookie`, `sessionStorage` and `localStorage`.
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* Describe the difference between `<script>`, `<script async>` and `<script defer>`.
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* Why is it generally a good idea to position CSS `<link>`s between `<head></head>` and JS `<script>`s just before `</body>`? Do you know any exceptions?
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* What is progressive rendering?
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* Why you would use a `srcset` attribute in an image tag? Explain the process the browser uses when evaluating the content of this attribute.
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* Have you used different HTML templating languages before?
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#### CSS Questions:
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* What is CSS selector specificity and how does it work?
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* What's the difference between "resetting" and "normalizing" CSS? Which would you choose, and why?
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* Describe Floats and how they work.
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* Describe z-index and how stacking context is formed.
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* Describe BFC(Block Formatting Context) and how it works.
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* What are the various clearing techniques and which is appropriate for what context?
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* How would you approach fixing browser-specific styling issues?
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* How do you serve your pages for feature-constrained browsers?
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* What techniques/processes do you use?
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* What are the different ways to visually hide content (and make it available only for screen readers)?
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* Have you ever used a grid system, and if so, what do you prefer?
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* Have you used or implemented media queries or mobile specific layouts/CSS?
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* Are you familiar with styling SVG?
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* Can you give an example of an `@media` property other than `screen`?
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* What are some of the "gotchas" for writing efficient CSS?
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* What are the advantages/disadvantages of using CSS preprocessors?
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* Describe what you like and dislike about the CSS preprocessors you have used.
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* How would you implement a web design comp that uses non-standard fonts?
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* Explain how a browser determines what elements match a CSS selector.
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* Describe pseudo-elements and discuss what they are used for.
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* Explain your understanding of the box model and how you would tell the browser in CSS to render your layout in different box models.
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* What does ```* { box-sizing: border-box; }``` do? What are its advantages?
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* What is the CSS `display` property and can you give a few examples of its use?
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* What's the difference between inline and inline-block?
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* What's the difference between a relative, fixed, absolute and statically positioned element?
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* What existing CSS frameworks have you used locally, or in production? How would you change/improve them?
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* Have you played around with the new CSS Flexbox or Grid specs?
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* Can you explain the difference between coding a web site to be responsive versus using a mobile-first strategy?
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* Have you ever worked with retina graphics? If so, when and what techniques did you use?
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* Is there any reason you'd want to use `translate()` instead of *absolute positioning*, or vice-versa? And why?
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#### JS Questions:
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* Explain event delegation
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* Explain how `this` works in JavaScript
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* Explain how prototypal inheritance works
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* What do you think of AMD vs CommonJS?
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* Explain why the following doesn't work as an IIFE: `function foo(){ }();`.
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* What needs to be changed to properly make it an IIFE?
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* What's the difference between a variable that is: `null`, `undefined` or undeclared?
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* How would you go about checking for any of these states?
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* What is a closure, and how/why would you use one?
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* Can you describe the main difference between a `forEach` loop and a `.map()` loop and why you would pick one versus the other?
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* What's a typical use case for anonymous functions?
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* How do you organize your code? (module pattern, classical inheritance?)
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* What's the difference between host objects and native objects?
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* Difference between: `function Person(){}`, `var person = Person()`, and `var person = new Person()`?
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* What's the difference between `.call` and `.apply`?
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* Explain `Function.prototype.bind`.
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* When would you use `document.write()`?
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* What's the difference between feature detection, feature inference, and using the UA string?
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* Explain Ajax in as much detail as possible.
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* What are the advantages and disadvantages of using Ajax?
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* Explain how JSONP works (and how it's not really Ajax).
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* Have you ever used JavaScript templating?
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* If so, what libraries have you used?
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* Explain "hoisting".
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* Describe event bubbling.
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* What's the difference between an "attribute" and a "property"?
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* Why is extending built-in JavaScript objects not a good idea?
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* Difference between document load event and document DOMContentLoaded event?
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* What is the difference between `==` and `===`?
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* Explain the same-origin policy with regards to JavaScript.
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* Make this work:
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```javascript
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duplicate([1,2,3,4,5]); // [1,2,3,4,5,1,2,3,4,5]
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```
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* Why is it called a Ternary operator, what does the word "Ternary" indicate?
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* What is `"use strict";`? what are the advantages and disadvantages to using it?
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* Create a for loop that iterates up to `100` while outputting **"fizz"** at multiples of `3`, **"buzz"** at multiples of `5` and **"fizzbuzz"** at multiples of `3` and `5`
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* Why is it, in general, a good idea to leave the global scope of a website as-is and never touch it?
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* Why would you use something like the `load` event? Does this event have disadvantages? Do you know any alternatives, and why would you use those?
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* Explain what a single page app is and how to make one SEO-friendly.
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* What is the extent of your experience with Promises and/or their polyfills?
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* What are the pros and cons of using Promises instead of callbacks?
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* What are some of the advantages/disadvantages of writing JavaScript code in a language that compiles to JavaScript?
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* What tools and techniques do you use debugging JavaScript code?
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* What language constructions do you use for iterating over object properties and array items?
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* Explain the difference between mutable and immutable objects.
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* What is an example of an immutable object in JavaScript?
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* What are the pros and cons of immutability?
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* How can you achieve immutability in your own code?
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* Explain the difference between synchronous and asynchronous functions.
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* What is event loop?
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* What is the difference between call stack and task queue?
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* Explain the differences on the usage of `foo` between `function foo() {}` and `var foo = function() {}`
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* What are the differences between variables created using `let`, `var` or `const`?
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* What are the differences between ES6 class and ES5 function constructors?
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* Can you offer a use case for the new arrow `=>` function syntax? How does this new syntax differ from other functions?
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* What advantage is there for using the arrow syntax for a method in a constructor?
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* What is the definition of a higher-order function?
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* Can you give an example for destructuring an object or an array?
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* ES6 Template Literals offer a lot of flexibility in generating strings, can you give an example?
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* Can you give an example of a curry function and why this syntax offers an advantage?
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* What are the benefits of using `spread syntax` and how is it different from `rest syntax`?
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* How can you share code between files?
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* Why you might want to create static class members?
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#### Testing Questions:
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* What are some advantages/disadvantages to testing your code?
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* What tools would you use to test your code's functionality?
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* What is the difference between a unit test and a functional/integration test?
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* What is the purpose of a code style linting tool?
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#### Performance Questions:
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* What tools would you use to find a performance bug in your code?
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* What are some ways you may improve your website's scrolling performance?
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* Explain the difference between layout, painting and compositing.
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#### Network Questions:
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* Traditionally, why has it been better to serve site assets from multiple domains?
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* Do your best to describe the process from the time you type in a website's URL to it finishing loading on your screen.
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* What are the differences between Long-Polling, Websockets and Server-Sent Events?
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* Explain the following request and response headers:
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* Diff. between Expires, Date, Age and If-Modified-...
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* Do Not Track
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* Cache-Control
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* Transfer-Encoding
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* ETag
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* X-Frame-Options
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* What are HTTP methods? List all HTTP methods that you know, and explain them.
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#### Coding Questions:
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*Question: What is the value of `foo`?*
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```javascript
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var foo =10+'20';
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```
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*Question: What will be the output of the code below?*
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```javascript
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console.log(0.1+0.2==0.3);
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```
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*Question: How would you make this work?*
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```javascript
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add(2, 5); // 7
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add(2)(5); // 7
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```
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*Question: What value is returned from the following statement?*
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```javascript
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"i'm a lasagna hog".split("").reverse().join("");
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```
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*Question: What is the value of `window.foo`?*
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```javascript
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( window.foo|| ( window.foo="bar" ) );
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```
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*Question: What is the outcome of the two alerts below?*
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```javascript
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var foo ="Hello";
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(function() {
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var bar =" World";
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alert(foo + bar);
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})();
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alert(foo + bar);
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```
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*Question: What is the value of `foo.length`?*
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```javascript
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var foo = [];
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foo.push(1);
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foo.push(2);
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```
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*Question: What is the value of `foo.x`?*
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```javascript
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var foo = {n:1};
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var bar = foo;
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foo.x= foo = {n:2};
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```
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*Question: What does the following code print?*
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```javascript
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console.log('one');
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setTimeout(function() {
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console.log('two');
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}, 0);
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console.log('three');
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```
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*Question: What is the difference between these four promises?*
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```javascript
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doSomething().then(function () {
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returndoSomethingElse();
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});
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doSomething().then(function () {
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doSomethingElse();
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});
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doSomething().then(doSomethingElse());
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doSomething().then(doSomethingElse);
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```
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#### Fun Questions:
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* What's a cool project that you've recently worked on?
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* What are some things you like about the developer tools you use?
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* Who inspires you in the front-end community?
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* Do you have any pet projects? What kind?
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* What's your favorite feature of Internet Explorer?
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* How do you like your coffee?
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#### Contributors:
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## Contributors:
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This document started in 2009 as a collaboration of [@paul_irish](https://twitter.com/paul_irish)[@bentruyman](https://twitter.com/bentruyman)[@cowboy](https://twitter.com/cowboy)[@ajpiano](https://twitter.com/ajpiano)[@SlexAxton](https://twitter.com/slexaxton)[@boazsender](https://twitter.com/boazsender)[@miketaylr](https://twitter.com/miketaylr)[@vladikoff](https://twitter.com/vladikoff)[@gf3](https://twitter.com/gf3)[@jon_neal](https://twitter.com/jon_neal)[@sambreed](https://twitter.com/sambreed) and [@iansym](https://twitter.com/iansym).
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