coverage: Only merge adjacent coverage spans

compiler/rustc_mir_transform/src/coverage/mappings.rs

@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ pub(super) fn extract_all_mapping_info_from_mir<'tcx>(
         // When debugging flag `-Zcoverage-options=no-mir-spans` is set, we need
         // to give the same treatment to _all_ functions, because `llvm-cov`
         // seems to ignore functions that don't have any ordinary code spans.
-        if let Some(span) = hir_info.fn_sig_span_extended {
+        if let Some(span) = hir_info.fn_sig_span {
             code_mappings.push(CodeMapping { span, bcb: START_BCB });
         }
     } else {

compiler/rustc_mir_transform/src/coverage/mod.rs

@@ -268,9 +268,9 @@ fn inject_statement(mir_body: &mut mir::Body<'_>, counter_kind: CoverageKind, bb
 struct ExtractedHirInfo {
     function_source_hash: u64,
     is_async_fn: bool,
-    /// The span of the function's signature, extended to the start of `body_span`.
+    /// The span of the function's signature, if available.
     /// Must have the same context and filename as the body span.
-    fn_sig_span_extended: Option<Span>,
+    fn_sig_span: Option<Span>,
     body_span: Span,
     /// "Holes" are regions within the function body (or its expansions) that
     /// should not be included in coverage spans for this function
@@ -308,30 +308,20 @@ fn extract_hir_info<'tcx>(tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>, def_id: LocalDefId) -> ExtractedHir
 
     // The actual signature span is only used if it has the same context and
     // filename as the body, and precedes the body.
-    let fn_sig_span_extended = maybe_fn_sig
-        .map(|fn_sig| fn_sig.span)
-        .filter(|&fn_sig_span| {
-            let source_map = tcx.sess.source_map();
-            let file_idx = |span: Span| source_map.lookup_source_file_idx(span.lo());
-
-            fn_sig_span.eq_ctxt(body_span)
-                && fn_sig_span.hi() <= body_span.lo()
-                && file_idx(fn_sig_span) == file_idx(body_span)
-        })
-        // If so, extend it to the start of the body span.
-        .map(|fn_sig_span| fn_sig_span.with_hi(body_span.lo()));
+    let fn_sig_span = maybe_fn_sig.map(|fn_sig| fn_sig.span).filter(|&fn_sig_span| {
+        let source_map = tcx.sess.source_map();
+        let file_idx = |span: Span| source_map.lookup_source_file_idx(span.lo());
+
+        fn_sig_span.eq_ctxt(body_span)
+            && fn_sig_span.hi() <= body_span.lo()
+            && file_idx(fn_sig_span) == file_idx(body_span)
+    });
 
     let function_source_hash = hash_mir_source(tcx, hir_body);
 
     let hole_spans = extract_hole_spans_from_hir(tcx, hir_body);
 
-    ExtractedHirInfo {
-        function_source_hash,
-        is_async_fn,
-        fn_sig_span_extended,
-        body_span,
-        hole_spans,
-    }
+    ExtractedHirInfo { function_source_hash, is_async_fn, fn_sig_span, body_span, hole_spans }
 }
 
 fn hash_mir_source<'tcx>(tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>, hir_body: &'tcx hir::Body<'tcx>) -> u64 {

compiler/rustc_mir_transform/src/coverage/spans.rs

@@ -1,11 +1,8 @@
-use std::collections::VecDeque;
-use std::iter;
-
 use rustc_data_structures::fx::FxHashSet;
 use rustc_middle::mir;
 use rustc_middle::ty::TyCtxt;
 use rustc_span::{DesugaringKind, ExpnKind, MacroKind, Span};
-use tracing::{debug, debug_span, instrument};
+use tracing::instrument;
 
 use crate::coverage::graph::{BasicCoverageBlock, CoverageGraph};
 use crate::coverage::spans::from_mir::{Hole, RawSpanFromMir, SpanFromMir};
@@ -42,12 +39,12 @@ pub(super) fn extract_refined_covspans<'tcx>(
         return;
     }
 
-    // Also add the adjusted function signature span, if available.
+    // Also add the function signature span, if available.
     // Otherwise, add a fake span at the start of the body, to avoid an ugly
     // gap between the start of the body and the first real span.
     // FIXME: Find a more principled way to solve this problem.
     covspans.push(SpanFromMir::for_fn_sig(
-        hir_info.fn_sig_span_extended.unwrap_or_else(|| body_span.shrink_to_lo()),
+        hir_info.fn_sig_span.unwrap_or_else(|| body_span.shrink_to_lo()),
     ));
 
     // First, perform the passes that need macro information.
@@ -83,24 +80,17 @@ pub(super) fn extract_refined_covspans<'tcx>(
     holes.sort_by(|a, b| compare_spans(a.span, b.span));
     holes.dedup_by(|b, a| a.merge_if_overlapping_or_adjacent(b));
 
-    // Split the covspans into separate buckets that don't overlap any holes.
-    let buckets = divide_spans_into_buckets(covspans, &holes);
-
-    for covspans in buckets {
-        let _span = debug_span!("processing bucket", ?covspans).entered();
+    // Discard any span that overlaps with a hole.
+    discard_spans_overlapping_holes(&mut covspans, &holes);
 
-        let mut covspans = remove_unwanted_overlapping_spans(covspans);
-        debug!(?covspans, "after removing overlaps");
+    // Perform more refinement steps after holes have been dealt with.
+    let mut covspans = remove_unwanted_overlapping_spans(covspans);
+    covspans.dedup_by(|b, a| a.merge_if_eligible(b));
 
-        // Do one last merge pass, to simplify the output.
-        covspans.dedup_by(|b, a| a.merge_if_eligible(b));
-        debug!(?covspans, "after merge");
-
-        code_mappings.extend(covspans.into_iter().map(|Covspan { span, bcb }| {
-            // Each span produced by the refiner represents an ordinary code region.
-            mappings::CodeMapping { span, bcb }
-        }));
-    }
+    code_mappings.extend(covspans.into_iter().map(|Covspan { span, bcb }| {
+        // Each span produced by the refiner represents an ordinary code region.
+        mappings::CodeMapping { span, bcb }
+    }));
 }
 
 /// Macros that expand into branches (e.g. `assert!`, `trace!`) tend to generate
@@ -142,52 +132,36 @@ fn shrink_visible_macro_spans(tcx: TyCtxt<'_>, covspans: &mut Vec<SpanFromMir>)
     }
 }
 
-/// Uses the holes to divide the given covspans into buckets, such that:
-/// - No span in any hole overlaps a bucket (discarding spans if necessary).
-/// - The spans in each bucket are strictly after all spans in previous buckets,
-///   and strictly before all spans in subsequent buckets.
+/// Discard all covspans that overlap a hole.
 ///
-/// The lists of covspans and holes must be sorted.
-/// The resulting buckets are sorted relative to each other, and each bucket's
-/// contents are sorted.
-#[instrument(level = "debug")]
-fn divide_spans_into_buckets(input_covspans: Vec<Covspan>, holes: &[Hole]) -> Vec<Vec<Covspan>> {
-    debug_assert!(input_covspans.is_sorted_by(|a, b| compare_spans(a.span, b.span).is_le()));
+/// The lists of covspans and holes must be sorted, and any holes that overlap
+/// with each other must have already been merged.
+fn discard_spans_overlapping_holes(covspans: &mut Vec<Covspan>, holes: &[Hole]) {
+    debug_assert!(covspans.is_sorted_by(|a, b| compare_spans(a.span, b.span).is_le()));
     debug_assert!(holes.is_sorted_by(|a, b| compare_spans(a.span, b.span).is_le()));
+    debug_assert!(holes.array_windows().all(|[a, b]| !a.span.overlaps_or_adjacent(b.span)));
+
+    let mut curr_hole = 0usize;
+    let mut overlaps_hole = |covspan: &Covspan| -> bool {
+        while let Some(hole) = holes.get(curr_hole) {
+            // Both lists are sorted, so we can permanently skip any holes that
+            // end before the start of the current span.
+            if hole.span.hi() <= covspan.span.lo() {
+                curr_hole += 1;
+                continue;
+            }
 
-    // Now we're ready to start grouping spans into buckets separated by holes.
-
-    let mut input_covspans = VecDeque::from(input_covspans);
-
-    // For each hole:
-    // - Identify the spans that are entirely or partly before the hole.
-    // - Discard any that overlap with the hole.
-    // - Add the remaining identified spans to the corresponding bucket.
-    let mut buckets = (0..holes.len()).map(|_| vec![]).collect::<Vec<_>>();
-    for (hole, bucket) in holes.iter().zip(&mut buckets) {
-        bucket.extend(
-            drain_front_while(&mut input_covspans, |c| c.span.lo() < hole.span.hi())
-                .filter(|c| !c.span.overlaps(hole.span)),
-        );
-    }
-
-    // Any remaining spans form their own final bucket, after the final hole.
-    // (If there were no holes, this will just be all of the initial spans.)
-    buckets.push(Vec::from(input_covspans));
+            return hole.span.overlaps(covspan.span);
+        }
 
-    buckets
-}
+        // No holes left, so this covspan doesn't overlap with any holes.
+        false
+    };
 
-/// Similar to `.drain(..)`, but stops just before it would remove an item not
-/// satisfying the predicate.
-fn drain_front_while<'a, T>(
-    queue: &'a mut VecDeque<T>,
-    mut pred_fn: impl FnMut(&T) -> bool,
-) -> impl Iterator<Item = T> {
-    iter::from_fn(move || queue.pop_front_if(|x| pred_fn(x)))
+    covspans.retain(|covspan| !overlaps_hole(covspan));
 }
 
-/// Takes one of the buckets of (sorted) spans extracted from MIR, and "refines"
+/// Takes a list of sorted spans extracted from MIR, and "refines"
 /// those spans by removing spans that overlap in unwanted ways.
 #[instrument(level = "debug")]
 fn remove_unwanted_overlapping_spans(sorted_spans: Vec<Covspan>) -> Vec<Covspan> {
@@ -227,19 +201,21 @@ struct Covspan {
 }
 
 impl Covspan {
-    /// If `self` and `other` can be merged (i.e. they have the same BCB),
-    /// mutates `self.span` to also include `other.span` and returns true.
+    /// If `self` and `other` can be merged, mutates `self.span` to also
+    /// include `other.span` and returns true.
     ///
-    /// Note that compatible covspans can be merged even if their underlying
-    /// spans are not overlapping/adjacent; any space between them will also be
-    /// part of the merged covspan.
+    /// Two covspans can be merged if they have the same BCB, and they are
+    /// overlapping or adjacent.
     fn merge_if_eligible(&mut self, other: &Self) -> bool {
-        if self.bcb != other.bcb {
-            return false;
+        let eligible_for_merge =
+            |a: &Self, b: &Self| (a.bcb == b.bcb) && a.span.overlaps_or_adjacent(b.span);
+
+        if eligible_for_merge(self, other) {
+            self.span = self.span.to(other.span);
+            true
+        } else {
+            false
         }
-
-        self.span = self.span.to(other.span);
-        true
     }
 }
 

tests/coverage/abort.cov-map

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 Function name: abort::main
-Raw bytes (83): 0x[01, 01, 07, 05, 01, 05, 0b, 01, 09, 05, 13, 01, 0d, 05, 1b, 01, 11, 0d, 01, 0d, 01, 01, 1b, 05, 02, 0b, 00, 18, 02, 01, 0c, 00, 19, 09, 00, 1a, 02, 0a, 06, 02, 09, 00, 0a, 02, 02, 0c, 00, 19, 0d, 00, 1a, 00, 31, 0e, 00, 30, 00, 31, 02, 04, 0c, 00, 19, 11, 00, 1a, 00, 31, 16, 00, 30, 00, 31, 02, 01, 09, 00, 17, 01, 02, 05, 01, 02]
+Raw bytes (98): 0x[01, 01, 07, 05, 01, 05, 0b, 01, 09, 05, 13, 01, 0d, 05, 1b, 01, 11, 10, 01, 0d, 01, 00, 1c, 01, 01, 09, 00, 16, 01, 00, 19, 00, 1b, 05, 01, 0b, 00, 18, 02, 01, 0c, 00, 19, 09, 00, 1a, 02, 0a, 06, 02, 09, 00, 0a, 02, 02, 0c, 00, 19, 0d, 00, 1a, 00, 31, 0e, 00, 30, 00, 31, 02, 04, 0c, 00, 19, 11, 00, 1a, 00, 31, 16, 00, 30, 00, 31, 02, 01, 09, 00, 17, 01, 02, 05, 00, 0b, 01, 01, 01, 00, 02]
 Number of files: 1
 - file 0 => global file 1
 Number of expressions: 7
@@ -10,9 +10,11 @@ Number of expressions: 7
 - expression 4 operands: lhs = Counter(0), rhs = Counter(3)
 - expression 5 operands: lhs = Counter(1), rhs = Expression(6, Add)
 - expression 6 operands: lhs = Counter(0), rhs = Counter(4)
-Number of file 0 mappings: 13
-- Code(Counter(0)) at (prev + 13, 1) to (start + 1, 27)
-- Code(Counter(1)) at (prev + 2, 11) to (start + 0, 24)
+Number of file 0 mappings: 16
+- Code(Counter(0)) at (prev + 13, 1) to (start + 0, 28)
+- Code(Counter(0)) at (prev + 1, 9) to (start + 0, 22)
+- Code(Counter(0)) at (prev + 0, 25) to (start + 0, 27)
+- Code(Counter(1)) at (prev + 1, 11) to (start + 0, 24)
 - Code(Expression(0, Sub)) at (prev + 1, 12) to (start + 0, 25)
     = (c1 - c0)
 - Code(Counter(2)) at (prev + 0, 26) to (start + 2, 10)
@@ -30,19 +32,25 @@ Number of file 0 mappings: 13
     = (c1 - (c0 + c4))
 - Code(Expression(0, Sub)) at (prev + 1, 9) to (start + 0, 23)
     = (c1 - c0)
-- Code(Counter(0)) at (prev + 2, 5) to (start + 1, 2)
+- Code(Counter(0)) at (prev + 2, 5) to (start + 0, 11)
+- Code(Counter(0)) at (prev + 1, 1) to (start + 0, 2)
 Highest counter ID seen: c4
 
 Function name: abort::might_abort
-Raw bytes (21): 0x[01, 01, 01, 01, 05, 03, 01, 03, 01, 01, 14, 05, 02, 09, 01, 0f, 02, 02, 0c, 03, 02]
+Raw bytes (41): 0x[01, 01, 01, 01, 05, 07, 01, 03, 01, 00, 2e, 01, 01, 08, 00, 14, 05, 01, 09, 00, 11, 05, 00, 12, 00, 1f, 05, 01, 09, 00, 0f, 02, 01, 0c, 02, 06, 02, 03, 01, 00, 02]
 Number of files: 1
 - file 0 => global file 1
 Number of expressions: 1
 - expression 0 operands: lhs = Counter(0), rhs = Counter(1)
-Number of file 0 mappings: 3
-- Code(Counter(0)) at (prev + 3, 1) to (start + 1, 20)
-- Code(Counter(1)) at (prev + 2, 9) to (start + 1, 15)
-- Code(Expression(0, Sub)) at (prev + 2, 12) to (start + 3, 2)
+Number of file 0 mappings: 7
+- Code(Counter(0)) at (prev + 3, 1) to (start + 0, 46)
+- Code(Counter(0)) at (prev + 1, 8) to (start + 0, 20)
+- Code(Counter(1)) at (prev + 1, 9) to (start + 0, 17)
+- Code(Counter(1)) at (prev + 0, 18) to (start + 0, 31)
+- Code(Counter(1)) at (prev + 1, 9) to (start + 0, 15)
+- Code(Expression(0, Sub)) at (prev + 1, 12) to (start + 2, 6)
+    = (c0 - c1)
+- Code(Expression(0, Sub)) at (prev + 3, 1) to (start + 0, 2)
     = (c0 - c1)
 Highest counter ID seen: c1
 

tests/coverage/assert-ne.cov-map

@@ -1,16 +1,23 @@
 Function name: assert_ne::main
-Raw bytes (28): 0x[01, 01, 02, 01, 05, 01, 09, 04, 01, 08, 01, 03, 15, 05, 04, 0d, 00, 13, 02, 02, 0d, 00, 13, 06, 03, 05, 01, 02]
+Raw bytes (55): 0x[01, 01, 03, 01, 05, 01, 09, 01, 09, 09, 01, 08, 01, 00, 0a, 01, 01, 05, 00, 0f, 01, 01, 09, 00, 12, 01, 00, 13, 00, 19, 01, 01, 0c, 00, 15, 05, 01, 0d, 00, 13, 02, 02, 0d, 00, 13, 0a, 03, 05, 00, 07, 0a, 01, 01, 00, 02]
 Number of files: 1
 - file 0 => global file 1
-Number of expressions: 2
+Number of expressions: 3
 - expression 0 operands: lhs = Counter(0), rhs = Counter(1)
 - expression 1 operands: lhs = Counter(0), rhs = Counter(2)
-Number of file 0 mappings: 4
-- Code(Counter(0)) at (prev + 8, 1) to (start + 3, 21)
-- Code(Counter(1)) at (prev + 4, 13) to (start + 0, 19)
+- expression 2 operands: lhs = Counter(0), rhs = Counter(2)
+Number of file 0 mappings: 9
+- Code(Counter(0)) at (prev + 8, 1) to (start + 0, 10)
+- Code(Counter(0)) at (prev + 1, 5) to (start + 0, 15)
+- Code(Counter(0)) at (prev + 1, 9) to (start + 0, 18)
+- Code(Counter(0)) at (prev + 0, 19) to (start + 0, 25)
+- Code(Counter(0)) at (prev + 1, 12) to (start + 0, 21)
+- Code(Counter(1)) at (prev + 1, 13) to (start + 0, 19)
 - Code(Expression(0, Sub)) at (prev + 2, 13) to (start + 0, 19)
     = (c0 - c1)
-- Code(Expression(1, Sub)) at (prev + 3, 5) to (start + 1, 2)
+- Code(Expression(2, Sub)) at (prev + 3, 5) to (start + 0, 7)
+    = (c0 - c2)
+- Code(Expression(2, Sub)) at (prev + 1, 1) to (start + 0, 2)
     = (c0 - c2)
 Highest counter ID seen: c1
 

tests/coverage/assert.cov-map

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 Function name: assert::main
-Raw bytes (61): 0x[01, 01, 06, 05, 01, 05, 17, 01, 09, 05, 13, 17, 0d, 01, 09, 09, 01, 09, 01, 01, 1b, 05, 02, 0b, 00, 18, 02, 01, 0c, 00, 1a, 09, 00, 1b, 02, 0a, 06, 02, 13, 00, 20, 0d, 00, 21, 02, 0a, 0e, 02, 09, 00, 0a, 02, 01, 09, 00, 17, 01, 02, 05, 01, 02]
+Raw bytes (76): 0x[01, 01, 06, 05, 01, 05, 17, 01, 09, 05, 13, 17, 0d, 01, 09, 0c, 01, 09, 01, 00, 1c, 01, 01, 09, 00, 16, 01, 00, 19, 00, 1b, 05, 01, 0b, 00, 18, 02, 01, 0c, 00, 1a, 09, 00, 1b, 02, 0a, 06, 02, 13, 00, 20, 0d, 00, 21, 02, 0a, 0e, 02, 09, 00, 0a, 02, 01, 09, 00, 17, 01, 02, 05, 00, 0b, 01, 01, 01, 00, 02]
 Number of files: 1
 - file 0 => global file 1
 Number of expressions: 6
@@ -9,9 +9,11 @@ Number of expressions: 6
 - expression 3 operands: lhs = Counter(1), rhs = Expression(4, Add)
 - expression 4 operands: lhs = Expression(5, Add), rhs = Counter(3)
 - expression 5 operands: lhs = Counter(0), rhs = Counter(2)
-Number of file 0 mappings: 9
-- Code(Counter(0)) at (prev + 9, 1) to (start + 1, 27)
-- Code(Counter(1)) at (prev + 2, 11) to (start + 0, 24)
+Number of file 0 mappings: 12
+- Code(Counter(0)) at (prev + 9, 1) to (start + 0, 28)
+- Code(Counter(0)) at (prev + 1, 9) to (start + 0, 22)
+- Code(Counter(0)) at (prev + 0, 25) to (start + 0, 27)
+- Code(Counter(1)) at (prev + 1, 11) to (start + 0, 24)
 - Code(Expression(0, Sub)) at (prev + 1, 12) to (start + 0, 26)
     = (c1 - c0)
 - Code(Counter(2)) at (prev + 0, 27) to (start + 2, 10)
@@ -22,18 +24,22 @@ Number of file 0 mappings: 9
     = (c1 - ((c0 + c2) + c3))
 - Code(Expression(0, Sub)) at (prev + 1, 9) to (start + 0, 23)
     = (c1 - c0)
-- Code(Counter(0)) at (prev + 2, 5) to (start + 1, 2)
+- Code(Counter(0)) at (prev + 2, 5) to (start + 0, 11)
+- Code(Counter(0)) at (prev + 1, 1) to (start + 0, 2)
 Highest counter ID seen: c3
 
 Function name: assert::might_fail_assert
-Raw bytes (21): 0x[01, 01, 01, 01, 05, 03, 01, 04, 01, 02, 0f, 02, 02, 25, 00, 3d, 05, 01, 01, 00, 02]
+Raw bytes (36): 0x[01, 01, 01, 01, 05, 06, 01, 04, 01, 00, 28, 01, 01, 05, 00, 0d, 01, 00, 0e, 00, 20, 01, 01, 05, 00, 0f, 02, 00, 25, 00, 3d, 05, 01, 01, 00, 02]
 Number of files: 1
 - file 0 => global file 1
 Number of expressions: 1
 - expression 0 operands: lhs = Counter(0), rhs = Counter(1)
-Number of file 0 mappings: 3
-- Code(Counter(0)) at (prev + 4, 1) to (start + 2, 15)
-- Code(Expression(0, Sub)) at (prev + 2, 37) to (start + 0, 61)
+Number of file 0 mappings: 6
+- Code(Counter(0)) at (prev + 4, 1) to (start + 0, 40)
+- Code(Counter(0)) at (prev + 1, 5) to (start + 0, 13)
+- Code(Counter(0)) at (prev + 0, 14) to (start + 0, 32)
+- Code(Counter(0)) at (prev + 1, 5) to (start + 0, 15)
+- Code(Expression(0, Sub)) at (prev + 0, 37) to (start + 0, 61)
     = (c0 - c1)
 - Code(Counter(1)) at (prev + 1, 1) to (start + 0, 2)
 Highest counter ID seen: c1

tests/coverage/assert_not.cov-map

@@ -1,13 +1,18 @@
 Function name: assert_not::main
-Raw bytes (29): 0x[01, 01, 00, 05, 01, 06, 01, 01, 11, 01, 02, 05, 00, 13, 01, 01, 05, 00, 13, 01, 01, 05, 00, 15, 01, 01, 01, 00, 02]
+Raw bytes (54): 0x[01, 01, 00, 0a, 01, 06, 01, 00, 0a, 01, 01, 05, 00, 0c, 01, 00, 0d, 00, 11, 01, 01, 05, 00, 0c, 01, 00, 0d, 00, 13, 01, 01, 05, 00, 0c, 01, 00, 0d, 00, 13, 01, 01, 05, 00, 0c, 01, 00, 0d, 00, 15, 01, 01, 01, 00, 02]
 Number of files: 1
 - file 0 => global file 1
 Number of expressions: 0
-Number of file 0 mappings: 5
-- Code(Counter(0)) at (prev + 6, 1) to (start + 1, 17)
-- Code(Counter(0)) at (prev + 2, 5) to (start + 0, 19)
-- Code(Counter(0)) at (prev + 1, 5) to (start + 0, 19)
-- Code(Counter(0)) at (prev + 1, 5) to (start + 0, 21)
+Number of file 0 mappings: 10
+- Code(Counter(0)) at (prev + 6, 1) to (start + 0, 10)
+- Code(Counter(0)) at (prev + 1, 5) to (start + 0, 12)
+- Code(Counter(0)) at (prev + 0, 13) to (start + 0, 17)
+- Code(Counter(0)) at (prev + 1, 5) to (start + 0, 12)
+- Code(Counter(0)) at (prev + 0, 13) to (start + 0, 19)
+- Code(Counter(0)) at (prev + 1, 5) to (start + 0, 12)
+- Code(Counter(0)) at (prev + 0, 13) to (start + 0, 19)
+- Code(Counter(0)) at (prev + 1, 5) to (start + 0, 12)
+- Code(Counter(0)) at (prev + 0, 13) to (start + 0, 21)
 - Code(Counter(0)) at (prev + 1, 1) to (start + 0, 2)
 Highest counter ID seen: c0